So the brief asks to tackle peoples perception/ thoughts on food in our society. Peoples food habits have changed dramatically and the challenge is to address these habits and change the food system to something which is nutritionally and health beneficial.
It gives four points of interest into the theme for the poster:
> The challenge of Biodiversity
> Obesity and malnutriton
> Emigration and Immigration
> Territorial interconnected system
The challenge of Biodiversity
Source: http://www.globalissues.org/issue/169/biodiversity
The variety of life on Earth, its biological diversity is commonly referred to as biodiversity. The number of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the enormous diversity of genes in these species, the different ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts, rainforests and coral reefs are all part of a biologically diverse Earth. Appropriate conservation and sustainable development strategies attempt to recognize this as being integral to any approach. Almost all cultures have in some way or form recognized the importance that nature, and its biological diversity has had upon them and the need to maintain it. Yet, power, greed and politics have affected the precarious balance.
Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an important role to play.
For example,
- A larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops
- Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms
- Healthy ecosystems can better withstand and recover from a variety of disasters.
And so, while we dominate this planet, we still need to preserver the diversity in wildlife.
A healthy biodiversity provides a number of natural services for everyone:
- Ecosystem services, such as
- Protection of water resources
- Soils formation and protection
- Nutrient storage and recycling
- Pollution breakdown and absorption
- Contribution to climate stability
- Maintenance of ecosystems
- Recovery from unpredictable events
- Biological resources, such as
- Food
- Medicinal resources and pharmaceutical drugs
- Wood products
- Ornamental plants
- Breeding stocks, population reservoirs
- Future resources
- Diversity in genes, species and ecosystems
- Social benefits, such as
- Research, education and monitoring
- Recreation and tourism
- Cultural values
Obesity and Malnutrition
Source: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Malnutrition/Pages/Introduction.aspx
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition
Malnutrition is the condition that results from eating a diet in which certain nutrients are lacking, in excess (too high in intake), or in the wrong proportions. The verb form is "malnourish"; "malnourishment" is sometimes used instead of "malnutrition". A number of differentnutrition disorders may arise, depending on which nutrients are under- or over-abundant in the diet. In most of the world, malnutrition is present in the form of under-nutrition, which is caused by a diet lacking adequate calories and protein—not enough food, and of poor quality. Extreme undernourishment is starvation, and its symptoms and effects are inanition. While malnutrition is more common in less-developed countries, it is also present in industrialized countries. In wealthier nations it is more likely to be caused by unhealthy diets with excess energy, fats, and refined carbohydrates. A growing trend of obesity is now a major public health concern in lower socio-economic levels and in developing countries as well.
Malnutrition is a serious condition that occurs when a person’s diet does not contain the right amount of nutrients.
It means "poor nutrition" and can refer to:
- undernutrition – when you don't get enough nutrients
- overnutrition – when you get more nutrients than you need
This information focuses on undernutrition. See obesity for more information about the main problems associated with overnutrition.
Who is affected?
Malnutrition is a common health problem. It is estimated there are about 3 million people who are malnourished in the UK at any time and many more at risk of becoming malnourished.
Around one in three people admitted to hospital or care homes in the UK are found to be malnourished or at risk of malnourishment.
Malnutrition is caused by either an inadequate diet or a problem absorbing nutrients from food. There are many reasons why this might happen, including having reduced mobility, a long-term health condition or a low income.
Read more about the causes of malnutrition.
What are the signs of malnutrition?
The most common symptom of undernutrition is unplanned weight loss (usually losing more than 5-10% of your body weight within three to six months), although other signs can include:
- weak muscles
- feeling tired all the time
- low mood
- an increase in illnesses or infections
The main sign of overnutrition is being overweight or obese. However, people with undernutrition can also be overweight if they eat a diet high in energy (calories), but low in other nutrients.
Signs of malnutrition in children can include:
- failure to grow at the expected rate
- changes in behaviour such as appearing unusually irritable, sluggish or anxious
Your child’s weight and physical development should be regularly assessed by your GP or a health visitor in their first few years of life. Speak to them if you have any concerns about your child’s development or health.
Read more about the symptoms of malnutrition.
When to see your GP
See your GP if your body mass index (BMI) is lower than 18.5 or you experience the symptoms listed above.
BMI is a measure of whether you're a healthy weight for your height. You can use the BMI healthy weight calculatorto work out your BMI.
If you believe you or someone you care for is at risk of malnutrition you should visit your GP. They can check for signs of malnourishment and for any conditions that may cause malnutrition.
Read more about diagnosing malnutrition.
How is malnutrition treated?
Depending on the cause and severity of your malnutrition, treatment may be carried out at home or in hospital.
The main treatment for people diagnosed with malnutrition is dietary changes. If you are undernourished, this may involve increasing the nutritional content of your food, with or without taking nutritional supplements.
If you are unable to eat enough to meet your nutritional needs, there are two main treatment options:
- a feeding tube can be used to provide nutrients directly into the digestive system
- a drip can be used to provide nutrients and fluids directly into a vein
Obesity
Source: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Obesity/Pages/Introduction.aspx
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. People are considered obese when their body mass index(BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's mass by the square of the person's height, exceeds 30 kg/m2.
Obesity is a term used to describe somebody who is very overweight with a high degree of body fat.
There are a number of ways a person's weight can be assessed. The most widely used method is body mass index.
Body mass index (BMI) is your weight in kilograms divided by your height in metres squared. You can use the NHS Choices BMI healthy weight calculator to work out your own BMI:
- if your BMI is between 25 and 29, you would be considered overweight
- if your BMI is between 30 and 40, you would be considered obese
- if your BMI is over 40, you would be considered very obese (known as "morbidly obese")
Another useful method is to measure around your waist. People with very fat waists (94cm or more in men and 80cm or more in women) are more likely to develop obesity-related health problems.
The risks of obesity
Being obese increases your risk of developing a number of serious and potentially life-threatening diseases, such as:
- type 2 diabetes
- heart disease
- some types of cancer, such as breast cancerand colon cancer
- stroke
In addition, obesity can damage your quality of life and can often trigger depression.
Read more about the complications of obesity.
Obesity in children
Obesity is also an increasing problem in children, with around one in seven children classified as obese.
Read advice for parents of obese children.
Obesity and pregnancy
If you're pregnant, being very overweight can cause complications for you and your baby.
Find out more about obesity and pregnancy.
Treatment of obesity
There are four main goals in the treatment of obesity:
- preventing further weight gain
- gradually losing weight through a combination of a calorie-controlled diet and regular exercise
- avoiding regaining any lost weight
- improving general health and reducing the risk of obesity-related complications
Some people prefer a one-to-one consultation with a trainer or dietitian, while others prefer being part of a weight loss group, which can either be organised by local clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) or through commercial organisations. You may want to use an internet application such as the NHS BMI Tracker tool to monitor your weight.
A medication called orlistat can aid weight loss, but this should be used in combination with the steps mentioned above, not as an alternative. Your GP will be able to advise whether orlistat is suitable for you.
Many people will also need help examining and changing unhealthy patterns of thinking and behaviour.
Read more about the treatment of obesity.
Weight loss surgery
Weight loss surgery is used as a last resort to treat people who are dangerously obese. A gastric band or gastric bypass operation is only available on the NHS to treat people with potentially life-threatening obesity that does not respond to non-surgical treatments, such as lifestyle changes.
Read more about weight loss surgery for obesity.
Causes of obesity
Most cases of obesity are caused by a person eating more calories than they burn off, and the unused calories being turned into fat. Modern lifestyles also do not help:
- there is easy access to cheap, high energy food that is often marketed aggressively
- people's lifestyles and jobs are much less active than in the past – many leisure activities, such as watching television, playing video games and browsing the internet, are usually done sitting down
- people drive or use public transport and tend to walk a lot less than they used to
There are also a number of conditions that can cause weight gain, such as polycystic ovary syndrome.
Read more about the causes of obesity.
How many people are obese?
A survey published in 2012 found that just over a quarter of all adults (26%) in England are obese.
Outlook for obesity
There is no "magic wand" treatment for obesity. Weight loss programmes take commitment and can be challenging, but they are successful for people who stick with them.
Research looking at obese people who completed a commercial weight loss programme lasting 12 months found they lost around 5-10% of their body weight.
While this may not sound like a great amount, it is important to stress that even a modest reduction in weight brings important health benefits. Losing this amount of weight will significantly reduce your risk of developing conditions such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
Emigration and immigration
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration
Immigration is the movement of people into another country or region to which they are not native in order to settle there. Immigration is a result of a number of factors, including economic and/or political reasons, family re-unification, natural disasters or the wish to change one's surroundings voluntarily.
2012 survey
A 2012 survey by Gallup found roughly 640 million adults would want to migrate to another country if they had the chance to. Nearly one-quarter (23%) of these respondents, which translates to more than 150 million adults worldwide, named the United States as their desired future residence, while an additional 7% of respondents, representing an estimated 45 million, chose the United Kingdom. The other top desired destination countries (those where an estimated 25 million or more adults would like to go) were Canada, France, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Germany and Spain.
Emigration is the act of leaving one's country or region with the intent to settle permanently in another. It is the same as immigration but from the perspective of the country of origin. Human movement in general is termed migration. There are many reasons why people might choose to emigrate; these reasons can be divided into "pull" factors and "push" factors. Better economic opportunity is an example of a "pull" factor, as is a quest for a better climate. Fears of poverty or of religious or political discrimination are "push" factors. Seeking refugefrom conditions not directly of one's making is interim to possible emigration.
Emigration has had a profound influence on the world in the 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. Some noted examples include the millions of people who left Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries or the recent emigration of Mexicans into the United States.
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